In the United States, car insurance is not just a safeguard – it’s a legal requirement. But rather than a one-size-fits-all mandate, car insurance requirements are dictated by individual state laws, which leads to a lot of different regulations across the country.
This decentralized approach means that each state tailors its insurance laws to address specific regional risks, demographic factors, and policy considerations, resulting in a complex patchwork of requirements that can confound drivers, particularly those who move between states or operate vehicles across state lines.
State-specific mandates determine the minimum levels of coverage needed to legally operate a vehicle, and these regulations are designed with the intention of protecting not just the driver, but also other motorists and pedestrians.
The varying laws reflect each state’s legislative balance between ensuring adequate financial protection in the event of accidents and keeping insurance affordable for its residents.
This article aims to shed light on why insurance laws vary between states and how drivers can ensure they remain compliant while seeking the best coverage for their needs.
How insurance requirements reflect state-specific risks
Insurance requirements are not arbitrarily set, but rather they are carefully calibrated reflections of the unique risks and conditions present within each state.
For example, a state with a high volume of urban traffic, like New York, may impose higher liability coverage requirements to account for the increased likelihood of accidents.
Meanwhile, states prone to severe natural disasters, such as Florida with its hurricanes, might emphasize comprehensive coverage that includes protection against weather-related damage.
In states with expansive rural areas where encounters with wildlife are common, such as Wyoming, there could be a greater focus on coverage for collisions with animals.
Additionally, states with higher rates of uninsured drivers, like Mississippi, often require policies that include uninsured motorist coverage to protect against the financial impact of an accident with an uninsured driver.
These tailored requirements ensure that the insurance framework within each state is equipped to handle the specific challenges its drivers may face.
State-specific legislation and consumer protection laws
State-specific legislation and consumer protection laws significantly influence car insurance requirements, serving both to safeguard the interests of the consumer and to address the particularities of the local driving environment.
These laws are enacted to prevent predatory practices and ensure fair treatment, while also establishing a baseline of financial responsibility for drivers.
For instance, some states have “no-fault” insurance laws, which require drivers to carry personal injury protection (PIP) to limit litigation after accidents. Others might enforce “full tort” or “limited tort” options that allow drivers to waive certain rights to sue.
Consumer protection statutes also regulate how insurance companies handle claims and disputes, promoting transparency and accountability. These regulations can impact premium costs, coverage options, and the overall insurance market stability.
Ultimately, these laws are designed to balance the needs and protection of consumers with the realities of the insurance industry, creating a state-specific ecosystem that dictates how drivers engage with their insurance policies.
State-by-state analysis of car insurance requirements
With every state having different laws and minimum liability requirements, it can be tricky navigating these laws if you’re moving from one state to another.
The majority of states are tort states, which means the driver who is at fault for an accident is responsible for paying the other party’s bills from the accident.
A minority of states are no-fault states, which means drivers turn to their own insurance coverage to pay their bills, regardless of who is at fault.
There are even a handful of states that allow you to choose between tort and no-fault.
The next section breaks down the minimum car insurance requirements for all 50 U.S. states (in alphabetical order) and notes any unique characteristics about each one.
Also shown is whether each state is tort, no-fault, or or choice no-fault.
A link to each state’s department of insurance is provided if you wish to further your understanding of the laws in your state.
Alabama
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
In Alabama, the law mandates that all drivers carry minimum liability insurance, which includes bodily injury liability of $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident, as well as property damage liability of $25,000.
Alabama is not a no-fault state, meaning that the driver who is at fault for an accident is responsible for paying the damages. Additionally, Alabama law requires insurers to offer Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist (UM/UIM) coverage, although drivers can opt-out of this coverage in writing.
Alabama Department of Insurance: https://aldoi.gov/
Alaska
Minimum: 50/100/25 Legal System: Tort
Alaska’s car insurance landscape is shaped by its vast and often rugged terrain, prompting the state to set relatively high minimum liability insurance requirements.
Motorists in Alaska must carry bodily injury liability coverage of $50,000 per person and $100,000 per accident, plus property damage liability coverage of $25,000.
These amounts are designed to better protect drivers given the potential for severe accidents on less-traveled roads and challenging driving conditions, particularly in the state’s remote areas.
Furthermore, while Alaska does not mandate personal injury protection (PIP) due to its tort-based insurance system, it does require drivers to carry uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage equal to the bodily injury liability limits, unless declined in writing.
Alaska Division of Insurance: https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/ins/
Arizona
Minimum: 25/50/15 Legal System: Tort
As a tort state, Arizona requires drivers to carry liability insurance to pay for the other party’s expenses in an accident for which they are at fault. The minimum coverage limits are set at $25,000 for bodily injury liability per person, $50,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $15,000 for property damage liability.
Despite these minimums, Arizona’s Department of Insurance recommends that motorists consider purchasing higher limits to secure additional protection, given that costs from serious accidents can quickly exceed these minimum amounts.
Uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage is not required but is available for additional premiums to protect against damages caused by drivers with insufficient or no insurance.
Arizona Department of Insurance: https://insurance.az.gov/
Arkansas
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Arkansas mandates that all motorists carry minimum liability insurance of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident when multiple people are hurt, and $25,000 for property damage per accident.
In addition to these liability requirements, Arkansas law also requires drivers to have uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage (UM/UIM). However, unlike the liability insurance, drivers can reject UM/UIM coverage in writing if they choose not to purchase it.
This type of coverage is particularly important in Arkansas, as it provides protection in incidents where the at-fault driver lacks sufficient insurance.
Arkansas also requires insurers to offer personal injury protection (PIP), but drivers are not required to include it in their policy.
Arkansas Insurance Department: https://insurance.arkansas.gov/
California
Minimum: 15/30/5 Legal System: Tort
California follows a minimum liability coverage model, known as the 15/30/5 rule: $15,000 for bodily injury liability per person, $30,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $5,000 for property damage liability.
These are among the lower minimum requirements in the country, reflecting California’s attempt to balance the cost of insurance with the need for financial responsibility.
California also allows for alternative methods of financial responsibility, such as a $35,000 cash deposit with the DMV, a surety bond of the same amount, or a DMV-issued self-insurance certificate. However, most drivers opt for traditional insurance policies.
Uninsured motorist coverage is optional, as is collision and comprehensive coverage, though they are recommended for greater protection. Notably, California’s Proposition 103 entitles drivers to certain rights and protections, including the ability to challenge insurers’ rates and the guarantee of receiving good driver discounts.
California Department of Insurance: http://www.insurance.ca.gov/
Colorado
Minimum: 25/50/15 Legal System: Tort
In Colorado, drivers are required to carry minimum liability amounts of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $15,000 for property damage per accident.
Colorado is a tort state, meaning that the person who causes the accident is financially responsible for the consequences.
Moreover, Colorado law mandates that insurers provide uninsured/underinsured motorist (UM/UIM) coverage at the same minimums as bodily injury liability, although drivers can opt out of this coverage in writing.
The state also requires that every auto insurance policy issued in Colorado includes medical payments coverage of at least $5,000, which drivers can also refuse in writing.
Colorado Division of Insurance: https://doi.colorado.gov/
Connecticut
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Connecticut mandates that drivers carry minimum liability insurance coverages of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage per accident.
Additionally, Connecticut requires drivers to have uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage. This coverage matches the liability limits for bodily injury by default, providing protection against incidents involving drivers who are inadequately insured or not insured at all.
The state gives drivers the option to reject higher limits of uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage down to the statutory minimum limits in writing.
Connecticut Insurance Department: https://portal.ct.gov/cid
Delaware
Minimum: 25/50/10 Legal System: Tort
Delaware enforces a minimum liability coverage of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $10,000 for property damage per accident.
In addition to these liability coverages, Delaware mandates personal injury protection (PIP), also referred to as no-fault coverage, which helps pay for medical expenses of the policyholder and their passengers regardless of who caused the accident.
The minimum PIP coverage required is $15,000 per person and $30,000 per accident for medical expenses, along with a $5,000 death benefit. PIP also includes a minimum of $25 per day for up to one year for non-medical expenses like housekeeping or childcare services if injuries prevent performing these tasks.
Delaware Department of Insurance: https://insurance.delaware.gov/
Florida
Minimum: 10/10 PIP/PDL Legal System: No-fault
Florida stands out for its unique car insurance requirements, largely due to its status as a no-fault state. Here, instead of the traditional liability insurance, drivers are required to carry a minimum of $10,000 in personal injury protection (PIP) and $10,000 in property damage liability.
Florida law also requires drivers to have bodily injury liability insurance if they have been in a crash or convicted of certain offenses.
Florida Office of Insurance Regulation: https://www.floir.com/
Georgia
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Georgia’s liability insurance minimums are $25,000 for bodily injury liability per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury liability per accident, and $25,000 for property damage liability per accident.
In addition to these liability coverages, Georgia law also stipulates that uninsured motorist (UM) and underinsured motorist (UIM) coverages be offered. While these are not mandatory, they are automatically included in policies unless the policyholder opts out in writing.
UM/UIM coverages are particularly beneficial in situations where the at-fault driver does not have sufficient insurance to cover the damages or is completely uninsured.
Georgia Office of Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner: https://oci.georgia.gov/
Hawaii
Minimum: 20/40/10 Legal System: No-fault
Hawaii is a no-fault state, meaning its car insurance system requires drivers to carry Personal Injury Protection (PIP) to cover their own injuries in the event of an accident, regardless of who is at fault.
The minimum PIP coverage required in Hawaii is $10,000, which helps pay for medical expenses, lost earnings, and replacement services, even if the policyholder caused the accident.
In addition to PIP, Hawaiian drivers must also carry liability insurance with minimum coverage limits of $20,000 for bodily injury per person, $40,000 for total bodily injury per accident if multiple people are injured, and $10,000 for property damage. This liability insurance covers damages the policyholder is responsible for inflicting on others.
Hawaii also requires drivers to have uninsured motorist protection, which applies when an at-fault driver has no insurance.
Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs – Insurance Division: http://cca.hawaii.gov/ins/
Idaho
Minimum: 25/50/15 Legal System: Tort
Idaho drivers are required to carry liability insurance with minimum limits of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for bodily injury per accident if multiple people are injured, and $15,000 for property damage per accident, often noted as 25/50/15 coverage.
While these are the minimum requirements, Idaho law also encourages drivers to consider higher coverage limits for more comprehensive protection, as well as optional coverages such as collision, comprehensive, uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, and medical payments coverage.
Idaho Department of Insurance: https://doi.idaho.gov/
Illinois
Minimum: 25/50/20 Legal System: Tort
Illinois required minimums for liability coverage are $25,000 for injury or death of one person, $50,000 for injury or death of more than one person, and $20,000 for damage to property.
In addition to these liability requirements, Illinois drivers must have uninsured motorist (UM) coverage. This coverage must equal the bodily injury liability limits, providing protection if an at-fault driver has no auto insurance.
Underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage is also required for policies with higher liability limits to pay the difference between the other driver’s liability limits and the UIM coverage on the policy, if the at-fault driver’s insurance is not enough to cover the damages.
Illinois Department of Insurance: https://insurance.illinois.gov/
Indiana
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Indiana requires drivers to have minimum liability insurance limits of $25,000 for bodily injury to one person in an accident, $50,000 for bodily injury to all persons per accident, and $25,000 for property damage per accident.
Besides the basic liability coverage, Indiana law also mandates uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage with minimum limits of $25,000/$50,000 for bodily injury and $25,000 for property damage, but drivers can opt out of this requirement in writing. This coverage is particularly important in incidents involving drivers who lack adequate insurance.
Indiana Department of Insurance: https://www.in.gov/idoi/
Iowa
Minimum: 20/40/15 Legal System: Tort
Iowa mandates minimum liability coverage limits of $20,000 for bodily injury to one person, $40,000 for bodily injury to all persons per accident, and $15,000 for property damage (20/40/15).
Although Iowa does not legally require drivers to carry uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage, it is strongly recommended as an addition to the liability policy for better protection.
Iowa operates under a tort system, where the driver at fault for the accident is responsible for compensating the injured party.
Iowa Insurance Division: https://iid.iowa.gov/
Kansas
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: No-fault
Kansas has a no-fault car insurance system, requiring drivers to carry several types of coverage to ensure financial protection against both at-fault and no-fault incidents.
The mandated minimums for Kansas drivers include liability insurance with $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage (25/50/25).
Additionally, Personal Injury Protection (PIP) or no-fault coverage is compulsory, providing immediate medical expenses, lost wages, and rehabilitation costs without regard to who caused the accident.
Moreover, Kansas law requires uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage to safeguard against accidents where the at-fault driver lacks sufficient insurance, with minimums matching the liability bodily injury limits.
Kansas Insurance Department: https://insurance.kansas.gov/
Kentucky
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Choice no-fault
Kentucky is a “choice no-fault” state, offering drivers the unique option to choose between a no-fault car insurance system and traditional tort-based coverage.
The no-fault system requires drivers to carry Personal Injury Protection (PIP) coverage, which provides benefits for medical expenses, lost wages, and other related costs regardless of who caused the accident. The minimum coverage limits in Kentucky for PIP are $10,000.
In terms of liability coverage, Kentucky mandates minimum amounts of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage (25/50/25).
Drivers also have the option to reject uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, although it is recommended for additional protection.
Choosing no-fault coverage limits the right to sue for pain and suffering unless the injuries are severe enough to qualify under state-defined thresholds. However, opting out of the no-fault system retains the traditional rights to pursue litigation.
Kentucky Department of Insurance: https://insurance.ky.gov/
Louisiana
Minimum: 15/30/25 Legal System: Tort
Louisiana requires that motorists carry minimum liability insurance limits of $15,000 for bodily injury to one person, $30,000 for bodily injury to multiple people in one accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
Louisiana law allows drivers to purchase additional protections such as uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage and medical payments coverage, though these are not required by the state.
Given the state’s relatively high rates of lawsuits and insurance claims, maintaining insurance coverage is particularly crucial in Louisiana. The state follows a tort system, meaning the driver at fault for an accident is responsible for the damages.
Louisiana Department of Insurance: https://www.ldi.la.gov/
Maine
Minimum: 50/100/25 Legal System: Tort
Maine stands out for having one of the highest minimum car insurance requirements in the United States, with minimum mandated liability insurance coverage of $50,000 for bodily injury per person, $100,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
Additionally, Maine requires medical payments coverage of at least $2,000 to cover medical expenses from an accident, regardless of fault.
Another distinctive aspect of Maine’s insurance law is the requirement for uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage with the same minimums as the liability insurance. This provision ensures protection for drivers in accidents where the at-fault party lacks adequate insurance.
Maine Bureau of Insurance: https://www.maine.gov/pfr/insurance/
Maryland
Minimum: 30/60/15 Legal System: Tort
Maryland drivers are required to carry minimum liability coverage of $30,000 for bodily injury per person, $60,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $15,000 for property damage.
However, Maryland goes further by mandating coverage that includes uninsured motorist insurance at the same minimums and Personal Injury Protection (PIP), which provides medical expenses and lost income coverage.
PIP coverage can be waived partially or in full, but it offers no-fault benefits, ensuring swift compensation after an accident without determining liability.
In addition, Maryland also requires drivers to carry uninsured motorist bodily injury coverage and uninsured motorist property damage coverage, providing protection if an at-fault driver lacks sufficient insurance coverage.
Maryland Insurance Administration: https://insurance.maryland.gov/
Massachusetts
Minimum: 20/40/5 Legal System: Choice no-fault
Massachusetts is known for its stringent car insurance requirements, reflecting its status as a no-fault state. This designation means that, after an accident, each party’s insurance coverage pays for their own medical expenses and related costs regardless of who was at fault.
Drivers are required to carry four types of coverage at minimum: bodily injury to others at $20,000 per person and $40,000 per accident, personal injury protection (PIP) at $8,000 per person per accident, bodily injury caused by an uninsured auto at $20,000 per person and $40,000 per accident, and property damage at $5,000 per accident.
Massachusetts Division of Insurance: https://www.mass.gov/orgs/division-of-insurance
Michigan
Minimum: 50/100/10 Legal System: No-fault
Michigan has one of the most unique car insurance systems in the United States, distinguished by its no-fault insurance program.
Under this system, drivers are required to carry Personal Injury Protection (PIP) coverage, which pays for medical expenses, lost wages, and replacement services regardless of who is at fault in an accident.
Michigan’s PIP coverage is known for offering unlimited medical benefits, though recent reforms now allow drivers to choose from different levels of coverage.
In addition to PIP, Michigan law mandates Property Protection Insurance (PPI) with a minimum limit of $1 million, which covers damage a driver may cause to other people’s property in Michigan.
Liability insurance is also required, with minimum bodily injury limits of $50,000 per person and $100,000 per accident, and up to $10,000 for property damage in another state.
Despite reforms aimed at reducing costs, Michigan’s comprehensive coverage continues to provide extensive protection, making it one of the more expensive states for car insurance.
Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services: https://www.michigan.gov/difs
Minnesota
Minimum: 30/60/10 Legal System: No-fault
Minnesota is among the handful of states that have adopted a no-fault insurance system, requiring drivers to have insurance that covers their own injuries and losses regardless of who is at fault in an accident.
The required minimum coverages for Minnesota drivers include Personal Injury Protection (PIP), which must cover at least $40,000 per person per accident, divided into $20,000 for medical expenses and $20,000 for non-medical expenses such as lost wages.
Liability insurance is also a must, with a minimum requirement of $30,000 for injuries to one person, $60,000 for injuries to two or more people, and $10,000 for property damage.
Additionally, Minnesota drivers must carry uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage, matching the amounts of liability coverage, to protect against drivers who may lack sufficient coverage.
Minnesota Department of Commerce – Insurance: https://mn.gov/commerce/consumers/your-insurance/
Mississippi
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Mississippi’s minimum liability requirements are $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
Mississippi is a tort state, which means that the driver who causes the accident is responsible for the damages incurred by the other party. Therefore, carrying liability insurance is not just a legal requirement but also a critical financial protection for drivers.
The state does not require drivers to have uninsured motorist (UM) or underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage, although it is available and often recommended given that Mississippi has one of the highest rates of uninsured drivers in the nation.
Mississippi Insurance Department: https://www.mid.ms.gov/
Missouri
Minimum: 25/50/10 Legal System: Tort
In Missouri, state law mandates that every motorist have minimum liability coverage with limits of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $10,000 for property damage (25/50/10).
Additionally, Missouri drivers must have uninsured motorist coverage with minimum limits of $25,000 for bodily injury per person and $50,000 per accident.
Missouri operates under a traditional fault-based system, also known as a tort system, where the driver who is found to be at fault for an accident is responsible for the damages.
The uninsured motorist coverage is particularly important in Missouri because it provides protection for policyholders in the event they are involved in an accident with a driver who lacks adequate insurance.
Missouri Department of Insurance: https://insurance.mo.gov/
Montana
Minimum: 25/50/20 Legal System: Tort
Montana minimum liability coverage requirements are $25,000 for bodily injury or death of one person, $50,000 for total bodily injury or death per accident, and $20,000 for property damage.
Montana follows a traditional fault-based insurance system, meaning that the driver who is found to be responsible for an accident is also responsible for any resulting harm. Drivers have the right to sue for damages if they suffer from a crash with an at-fault driver.
While Montana does not require uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, it is strongly recommended due to a significant number of drivers who lack adequate insurance.
Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance: https://csimt.gov/
Nebraska
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Nebraska mandates liability insurance with minimum limits of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
Additionally, Nebraska requires drivers to have uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage at the same minimum levels as the liability insurance.
This type of coverage is critical in protecting Nebraska drivers against the risk of being involved in an accident with a motorist who either lacks sufficient insurance or is not insured at all.
Nebraska Department of Insurance: https://doi.nebraska.gov/
Nevada
Minimum: 25/50/20 Legal System: Tort
Nevada’s minimum liability coverage limits are set at $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $20,000 for property damage.
As a tort state, Nevada allows the injured party in an accident to pursue a claim against the at-fault driver, meaning adequate insurance coverage is crucial for protection against potential lawsuits.
While the state does not require uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, it is offered and advisable, considering the risk of accidents involving drivers who may lack proper insurance.
Nevada Division of Insurance: http://doi.nv.gov/
New Hampshire
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
New Hampshire stands out as one of the few states that does not mandatorily require drivers to have car insurance, with certain conditions.
Instead, it operates on a “financial responsibility” model. If a driver demonstrates financial responsibility, they need not carry traditional auto insurance.
However, for those who choose to purchase auto insurance, the state recommends minimum liability coverage of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
Moreover, if a driver has been involved in a prior accident, convicted of a DWI, or has accumulated points on their driving record, they are then required to have these minimum coverages.
The state also suggests drivers carry medical payments coverage and uninsured motorist coverage as additional protection.
New Hampshire Insurance Department: https://www.nh.gov/insurance/
New Jersey
Minimum: 15/30/5 Legal System: Choice no-fault
New Jersey has a unique car insurance structure, offering two types of auto insurance policies: a standard policy and a basic policy.
The standard policy provides a range of coverage options and the opportunity to buy additional protection. It’s the more comprehensive of the two, with minimum liability coverage limits typically at $15,000 for bodily injury per person (up to $30,000 per accident) and $5,000 for property damage. It also includes Personal Injury Protection (PIP) benefits and the option for uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage.
The basic policy, aimed at drivers with limited budgets, offers significantly less coverage. It includes $10,000 for all persons, per accident for Personal Injury Protection (PIP) and $5,000 for property damage liability, with the option to add $10,000 for bodily injury liability coverage per accident as an additional feature, but it is not a mandatory requirement.
New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance: https://www.state.nj.us/dobi/index.html
New Mexico
Minimum: 25/50/10 Legal System: Tort
New Mexico’s minimum liability insurance requirements include $25,000 for bodily injury to one person, $50,000 for bodily injury to multiple people in a single accident, and $10,000 for property damage.
Despite the set minimums, New Mexico officials recommend that drivers purchase higher levels of coverage due to the high costs associated with severe accidents.
Additionally, while not required by law, drivers are encouraged to carry uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage due to the relatively high percentage of drivers in New Mexico who do not carry insurance.
New Mexico Office of Superintendent of Insurance: https://www.osi.state.nm.us/
New York
Minimum: 25/50/10 Legal System: No-fault
New York is a no-fault state, meaning that a driver’s insurance company will pay for their injury claims up to the policy limit, regardless of who was at fault.
The minimum liability insurance requirements include $25,000 for bodily injury per person (up to $50,000 per accident), $50,000 for death per person (up to $100,000 per accident), and $10,000 for property damage per accident.
In addition to these liability coverages, New York requires $50,000 in personal injury protection (PIP) to cover medical costs, lost earnings, and other reasonable expenses for the driver and passengers.
Uninsured motorist coverage for bodily injury is also required and must be in the same amounts as the bodily injury liability coverage limits.
New York Department of Financial Services – Insurance Division: https://www.dfs.ny.gov/
North Carolina
Minimum: 30/60/25 Legal System: Tort
North Carolina’s state-mandated liability coverages include $30,000 for bodily injury per person, $60,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
North Carolina law requires uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage (UM/UIM) that matches the liability coverage amounts to protect drivers in case they are involved in an accident with a driver who is either uninsured or does not have enough insurance.
North Carolina Department of Insurance: https://www.ncdoi.gov/
North Dakota
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: No-fault
North Dakota is a no-fault state, meaning that drivers are required to carry Personal Injury Protection (PIP) as part of their car insurance to cover their own injuries and lost wages after an accident, regardless of fault.
The state’s minimum liability insurance requirements are set at $25,000 for bodily injury or death of one person, $50,000 for total bodily injury or death per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
In addition to PIP and liability insurance, North Dakota drivers must also carry uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage, with minimums mirroring the liability amounts, to protect themselves in the event they are involved in an accident with a motorist who lacks adequate insurance.
North Dakota Insurance Department: https://www.insurance.nd.gov/
Ohio
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Ohio minimum liability coverage requirements are $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage per accident.
While Ohio does not require drivers to carry uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage, it is widely recommended to protect against accidents with drivers who have insufficient or no insurance.
It’s also worth noting that Ohio follows a traditional at-fault insurance system, meaning the driver who causes an accident is responsible for paying the damages.
Ohio Department of Insurance: https://insurance.ohio.gov/
Oklahoma
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Oklahoma required liability minimums are set at $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
Despite these minimums, drivers in Oklahoma often opt for higher limits to gain additional protection, given the potential for costs to exceed these basic amounts, especially in severe accidents.
Oklahoma does not require drivers to carry uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage, although it is available and can offer valuable protection given the state’s relatively high rate of uninsured drivers.
Oklahoma Insurance Department: https://www.oid.ok.gov/
Oregon
Minimum: 25/50/20 Legal System: Tort
Oregon drivers must carry minimum liability insurance, which includes $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident if multiple people are injured, and $20,000 for property damage.
In addition to liability insurance, Oregon law requires Personal Injury Protection (PIP) of $15,000 to cover medical expenses and lost wages after an accident, regardless of who is at fault.
Uninsured motorist coverage is also required, with a minimum of $25,000 per person and $50,000 per crash for bodily injury, paralleling the liability coverage minimums.
These mandatory coverages reflect Oregon’s no-fault system, ensuring that drivers have immediate access to funds for medical expenses while providing recourse for accident-related expenses.
Oregon Division of Financial Regulation: https://dfr.oregon.gov/insurance/
Pennsylvania
Minimum: 15/30/5 Legal System: Choice no-fault
Pennsylvania is one of the states that offer a choice between no-fault and traditional car insurance systems, allowing drivers to select “full tort” or “limited tort” coverage.
Regardless of the tort option chosen, the state mandates minimum liability insurance requirements, which are $15,000 for bodily injury per person, $30,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $5,000 for property damage.
Additionally, Pennsylvania requires drivers to carry Personal Injury Protection (PIP) to cover medical expenses. The minimum PIP coverage is $5,000, which pays out for medical bills regardless of who is at fault in an accident.
Uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage is optional in Pennsylvania but recommended, given the protection it offers against drivers who lack adequate insurance.
Pennsylvania Insurance Department: https://www.insurance.pa.gov/
Rhode Island
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
Rhode Island state-mandated minimums are set at $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
Rhode Island does not require drivers to have uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, though it is generally advised, especially in a state with a significant number of uninsured drivers.
Rhode Island Division of Insurance: https://dbr.ri.gov/divisions/insurance/
South Carolina
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
South Carolina minimum liability insurance requirements are $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
In addition to liability insurance, South Carolina law mandates uninsured motorist coverage (UM), which must match the minimum liability limits. This coverage protects drivers in case they are involved in an accident with a motorist who lacks insurance.
Underinsured motorist coverage (UIM) is optional but recommended, as it provides additional protection if an at-fault driver does not have enough insurance to cover the full cost of damages.
South Carolina Department of Insurance: https://doi.sc.gov/
South Dakota
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
In South Dakota, drivers are legally required to carry minimum coverage of $25,000 for bodily injury or death of one person, $50,000 for total bodily injury or death per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
Additionally, South Dakota law requires drivers to have uninsured motorist coverage with the same minimums as liability insurance.
South Dakota Division of Insurance: https://dlr.sd.gov/insurance/
Tennessee
Minimum: 25/50/15 Legal System: Tort
The minimum liability coverage required in Tennessee is $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident involving more than one person, and $15,000 for property damage.
Tennessee operates under the tort system, meaning the driver at fault for an accident is responsible for the damages.
The state does not require drivers to have uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, though it is available and can provide extra security in an accident with a driver who has no insurance or insufficient coverage.
Tennessee Department of Commerce & Insurance: https://www.tn.gov/commerce/insurance-division.html
Texas
Minimum: 30/60/25 Legal System: Tort
In Texas, the minimum coverage limits are 30/60/25, which breaks down to $30,000 for each injured person, up to a total of $60,000 per accident, and $25,000 for property damage per accident.
Texas law also requires insurers to offer uninsured and underinsured motorist coverages, though drivers can decline these in writing. While not mandatory, these coverages provide additional protection and are advised, given that Texas has a substantial rate of drivers without insurance.
Texas Department of Insurance: https://www.tdi.texas.gov/
Utah
Minimum: 25/65/15 Legal System: No-fault
Utah is a no-fault state, which requires drivers to have not only liability insurance but also Personal Injury Protection (PIP).
The minimum liability insurance coverage required by Utah law is $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $65,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $15,000 for property damage. In addition, the PIP minimum is set at $3,000.
Utah does not require drivers to carry uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage, but considering the risks posed by drivers with inadequate insurance, it is often recommended.
Utah Insurance Department: https://insurance.utah.gov/
Vermont
Minimum: 25/50/10 Legal System: Tort
Vermont drivers must carry liability insurance with minimum limits of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $10,000 for property damage.
In addition to liability insurance, Vermont mandates uninsured motorist coverage. This is to protect drivers in the unfortunate event that they are involved in an accident with an uninsured driver.
The uninsured motorist coverage must match the liability limits for bodily injury and is accompanied by underinsured motorist coverage, which kicks in when the at-fault driver’s insurance is insufficient.
Vermont Department of Financial Regulation – Insurance Division: https://dfr.vermont.gov/insurance
Virginia
Minimum: 30/60/20 Legal System: Tort
Virginia stands out for offering an alternative to the traditional insurance requirement: drivers may pay a $500 Uninsured Motor Vehicle (UMV) fee to the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to drive uninsured at their own risk.
However, for those opting for insurance, the Commonwealth mandates liability coverage with minimums of $30,000 for bodily injury per person, $60,000 for bodily injury per accident, and $20,000 for property damage.
Moreover, Virginia requires uninsured motorist coverage to match the liability limits, protecting drivers against the risk of accidents with uninsured or hit-and-run drivers.
While carrying higher than the minimum coverage is advisable to ensure full protection, the state-mandated requirements are designed to provide a baseline of financial responsibility.
Virginia Bureau of Insurance: https://www.scc.virginia.gov/pages/Insurance
Washington
Minimum: 25/50/10 Legal System: Tort
In Washington state, the minimum coverage limits are set at $25,000 for bodily injury or death of one person per accident, $50,000 for bodily injury or death of two or more persons per accident, and $10,000 for property damage.
Washington also mandates that insurers offer underinsured motorist coverage and personal injury protection to drivers, although motorists can decline these coverages in writing.
Washington State Office of the Insurance Commissioner: https://www.insurance.wa.gov/
West Virginia
Minimum: 25/50/25 Legal System: Tort
West Virginia’s minimum liability insurance requirements include $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 for property damage.
West Virginia mandates that drivers carry uninsured motorist coverage with the same minimums as liability insurance. This provision serves as a financial safety net should a driver get into an accident with someone who does not have insurance.
West Virginia Offices of the Insurance Commissioner: https://www.wvinsurance.gov/
Wisconsin
Minimum: 25/50/10 Legal System: Tort
Wisconsin’s minimum liability insurance requirements are $25,000 for the injury or death of one person, $50,000 for the injury or death of more than one person in a single accident, and $10,000 for property damage.
Wisconsin requires drivers to have uninsured motorist coverage with minimum limits of $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident for bodily injury. This is to protect drivers in the event of an accident with an uninsured driver.
Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of Insurance: https://oci.wi.gov/
Wyoming
Minimum: 25/50/20 Legal System: Tort
Wyoming stipulates minimum liability coverage amounts of $25,000 for bodily injury per person, $50,000 for total bodily injury per accident when multiple people are injured, and $20,000 for property damage.
Wyoming does not mandate drivers to have uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, but it is generally recommended.
Wyoming Department of Insurance: https://doi.wyo.gov/
About the Author
During his career as an independent insurance agent, Ryan Grabenstein was appointed with Progressive, Allstate, Nationwide, Travelers, and many smaller regional and mutual companies. He has a Bachelor's degree in Finance from the University of Nebraska at Lincoln and Certified Insurance Counselor (CIC) personal and commercial lines training.